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At around 7:17 a.m., Tungus natives and Russian settlers in the hills northwest of Lake Baikal observed a column of bluish light, nearly as bright as the Sun, moving across the sky. About 10 minutes later, there was a flash and a loud knocking sound similar to artillery fire that went in short bursts spaced increasingly wider apart. Eyewitnesses closer to the explosion reported the sound source moving during each barrage, east to north. The sounds were accompanied by a shock wave that knocked people off their feet and broke windows hundreds of miles away. The majority of eyewitnesses reported only the sounds and the tremors, and not the sighting of the explosion. Eyewitness accounts differ as to the sequence of events and their overall duration.
The explosion registered on seismic stations across Eurasia. Although the Richter scale was not developed until 1935, it has been estimated that in some places the shock wave would have been equivalent to an earthquake of 5.0 on the Richter scale. It also produced fluctuations in atmospheric pressure strong enough to be detected by then recently invented barographs in Great Britain. Over the next few weeks, night skies were aglow such that one could read in their light, sometimes called bright nights. In the United States, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Mount Wilson Observatory observed a decrease in atmospheric transparency that lasted for several months.
The Guinness Book of World Records (1966 edition) states that due to the rotation of Earth, if the collision had occurred 4 hours 47 minutes later, it would have completely destroyed the Imperial Russian Capital City of Saint Petersburg (Leningrad).
A wave higher than Nelson's Column and travelling faster than
a jet aircraft will devastate the eastern seaboard of America and inundate much
of southern Britain, say scientists who have analysed the effects of a future
volcanic eruption in the Canary Islands. A massive slab of rock twice the
volume of the Isle of Man would break away from the island of La Palma and smash
into the Atlantic Ocean to cause a tsunami - a monster wave - bigger than any
recorded, the scientists warned yesterday.
Most of the wave's energy,
equivalent to the combined output of America's power stations for six months,
would travel westwards to the American coast but enough would be flicked north
towards the English Channel to cause catastrophic coastal damage.
A
computer model has been designed to show the way the tsunami will build after
the volcano, called Cumbre Vieja, erupts on La Palma, at the western end of the
Spanish island chain. It describes the almost unimaginable scale of an event
that the scientists say could happen at any time within the foreseeable
future. "We're looking at an event that could be decades or a century
away - but there will be a degree of warning beforehand," said Simon Day, of the
Benfield Greg Hazard Reseach Centre at Univeristy College London.
Most of
the rocky western flank of Cumbre Vieja is unstable enough to be dislodged in
the next big eruption of the volcano, which is active enough to explode at least
once or twice a century. Its last big event was in 1949.
Such a landslide
from a future eruption could travel up to 60 kilometres (37 miles) from La
Palma's coast, causing the formation and then collapse of a dome of water 900
metres (3,000ft) high and tens of kilometres wide. The bow of this collapsing
dome of water would become a giant wave, but also, as the landslide continued to
move underwater, a series of crests and troughs would soon generate the "wave
train" of the tsunami.
With the leading wave in front and crests pushing
it on behind, it would sustain the power for the nine-hour journey to the
American east coast.
Tsunami means harbour wave in Japanese and, though
the occurrence has nothing to do with the tides, it is often called a tidal wave
in English. Throughout history they have caused widespread devastation, with
Britain last being affected by one in 1755 when an earthquake in Lisbon caused
an unusually large wave to hit southern ports.
The computer model,
compiled in collaboration with Steven Ward of the University of California,
Santa Cruz, predicts that the tsunami will have a height of 100 metres (330ft)
from crest to trough when it crashes into the shores of nearby north-west
Africa. By the time it reached its final destination, the east coast of Florida
and the Caribbean islands, the tsunami would still be up to 50 metres
high.
Low-lying land in Florida would be vulnerable to a sea wave that
would inundate the mainland for several kilometres inland. Everything in its
path would be flattened, the computer model predicted.
Even though the
wave would be much smaller when it reached Britain, it would still breach sea
defences because it would be larger than the biggest storm waves for which they
were designed, Dr Day said. "For low-lying land along the south coast it could
penetrate up to a mile," he said.
Although there is little doubt that the
landslide on La Palma will happen after a volcanic eruption, the difficulty is
knowing exactly when it will occur. "Eruptions of Cumbre Vieja occur at
intervals of decades to a century or so and there may be a number of eruptions
before its collapse," Dr Day said. "Although the year-to-year probability of a
collapse is therefore low, the resulting tsunami would be a major disaster with
indirect effects around the world."
The scientists are calling for better
warning instruments to be placed on La Palma so that an impending eruption can
be detected quickly enough to alert other areas that might be affected by a
tsunami.
"Cumbre Vieja needs to be monitored closely for any signs of
impending volcanic activity and for the deformation that would precede collapse.
The collapse will occur during some future eruption after days or weeks of
precursory deformation and earthquakes," Dr Day predicted.
"An effective
earthquake monitoring system could provide advanced warning of a likely collapse
and allow early emergency management organisations a valuable window of time in
which to plan and respond," he said.
A history of tsunamis
The
Pacific Ocean is prone to earthquake-induced tsunamis caused by the so-called
ring of fire volcanoes that girdle it. Ten lethal big waves have struck Japan,
Hawaii, Alaska, Chile, Nicaragua and New Guinea over the past 100
years.
One of the most terrifying tsunamis occurred in 1792 when part of
the Unzen volcano in Japan collapsed into the sea, setting up 100m (330ft) waves
that killed 15,000 people in nearby fishing villages.
In 1868, a powerful
tsunami killed 10,000 people when it smashed into the coast of Peru with enough
energy to carry an American warship 3km (1.9m) inland.
When the
Indonesian volcano of Krakatoa blew itself apart in 1883, it generated a wave
that killed 36,000 inhabitants of Java and Sumatra.
Just 13 years later,
in 1896, Japanese deep-water fishermen returned to their home ports to find
their homes destroyed and 26,000 dead from a tsunami that must have slipped
below the keels of their ships without them noticing.
Britain may be hit by a monster wave predicted to devastate
the coasts of Florida and Brazil following a volcanic eruption in the Canary
Islands.
Scientists warn that the UK would probably not escape the
disaster unscathed. A weaker, but still hugely destructive, wave is likely to
hit Britain's Atlantic coastline.
Travelling at speeds of up to 500mph, the tsunami would be an
unstoppable force.
Its first target was expected to be the West Saharan coast of
Morocco, where the wave would measure an awesome 330ft from crest to
trough.
But the built up coastal areas of Florida, Brazil and the
Caribbean were expected to suffer the greatest destruction, according to a new
forecast by Dr Simon Day, of the Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre at
University College London.
Here, the wave would reach heights of 130ft to 164ft - higher
than Nelson's column - and travel four or five miles inland flattening
everything in its path.
Previous research by Dr Day predicted that a future eruption
of the Cumbre Vieja volcano was likely to cause the western flank of the
mountain to slide into the sea.
The energy released by the collapse would be equal to the
electricity consumption of the entire US in six months.
Working with Dr Steven Ward, from the University of
California, Dr Day has now produced a new model which predicts more accurately
how big the tsunami will be and where it will strike.
Infratonic therapy is an infrasonic bioresonance therapy, which uses sound waves produced at a frequency below the level of human hearing. Infrasonic therapy is particularly good at treating inflammatory and painful conditions such as intervertebral disk disease, tendonitis, ligamentitis, and myositis (muscle inflammation). Unlike ultrasonic therapy it cannot cause damage to the underlying tissues.
Sound affects our health just as smog and pollution affect our environment. Sound is measured in terms of frequencies, cycles per second, or wavelengths. Our world is filled with inaudible sound. Such sounds above and below the level of human hearing are described as being "infrasonic" and are contrasted with sounds above the level of human hearing, termed "ultrasonic".
Scientific research has determined that normal healthy living cells emit frequencies of sound in the alpha range, between 8 and 14 hertz. The human body and specifically the hands of Asian "Chi gong masters" have been demonstrated in the laboratory to be natural alpha wave generators. These alpha wave's are considered to be the optimum frequency for healing and tissue recovery. Alpha waves are also associated with relaxation, and super learning. When our pets are affected by illness, injury , trauma or stress, the cells in their bodies begin to degenerate and produce frequencies outside of their healthy, alpha range. If we infuse our pet's body with these gentle low frequency, biocompatible, alpha sound waves they create healing harmonic vibrations that re-energize, and recharge the injured tissue and the animal begins to heal and feel better.
The gentle pulsating action and magnetics of the infra-sonic therapy unit provide quick relaxation and pain relief. The inaudible sound waves travel through the body relaxing muscle spasms, increasing circulation to injured tissue, and reducing swelling, pain and inflammation. The reduction in inflammation and heat in a joint, that results from infrasonic therapy, has been demonstrated clinically through the use of medical thermography. Infrasonic therapy does not require any gels or special preparations prior to use. The low frequency alpha waves that are produced penetrate through clothing, bandages, and even plaster casts. Beneficial effects may be obtained even when direct contact with the body is not possible. The calming effects of the unit can be produced by simply turning the unit on in the same room as the pet. Although it is not a massage device, the animals seem to enjoy the mechanical sensation produced by the device when it is placed over sore, injured areas. Some of the problems that can be treated with infra sonic therapy include: joint problems, arthritis, intervertebral disk disease, sore muscles, soft tissue injuries, scar tissue, wounds, and joints with limited range of motion. Because infrasonic waves penetrate the entire body it can be therapeutic for injured and diseased internal organs.
Infrasonic therapy is very easy to apply and usually requires only 20 minutes per treatment. Because the alpha waves produced by the Infrasonic unit are below 20 Hz. they can not irritate inflamed areas as ultra sonic waves sometimes do. The number of treatments necessary for healing a specific problem is dictated by the severity and chronicity of the injury. Infrasonic therapy can be used alone or in conjunction with other therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic, infra red lacer therapy or pulsed magnetic therapy. It can be used on all types of pets including birds and reptiles. Low level alpha sound wave therapy is extremely safe and gentle and will, in no way injure the pet.
While working at the Marine Biological Station, Warburg performed research on oxygen consumption in sea urchin eggs after fertilization, and proved that upon fertilization, the rate of respiration increases by as much as sixfold. His experiments also proved iron is essential for the development of the larval stage.
Warburg investigated the metabolism of tumors and the respiration of cells, particularly cancer cells, and in 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme."[2] The award came after receiving 46 nominations over a period of nine years beginning in 1923, 13 of which were submitted in 1931, the year he won the prize.[3]
In 1944, Warburg was nominated for a second Nobel Prize in Physiology by Albert Szent-Györgyi, for his work on nicotinamide, the mechanism and enzymes involved in fermentation, and the discovery of flavine (in yellow enzymes).[4][5] Some sources reported he was selected to receive the award that year, but was prevented from receiving it by Adolf Hitler’s regime, which had issued a decree in 1937 that forbade Germans from accepting Nobel Prizes.[6][7] According to the Nobel Foundation, this rumor is not true; although he was considered a worthwhile candidate, he was not selected for the prize.[4]
Three scientists who worked in Warburg's lab, including Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, went on to win the Nobel Prize. Among other discoveries, Krebs is credited with the identification of the citric acid cycle (or Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle).
Warburg’s combined work in plant physiology, cell metabolism and oncology made him an integral figure in the later development of systems biology.[8] He worked with Dean Burk in photosynthesis to discover the I-quantum reaction that splits the CO2, activated by the respiration. [9]
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In 1924, Warburg hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by tumor cells mainly generating energy (as e.g. adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by nonoxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis) and the subsequent recycling of the metabolite NADH back to its oxidized form, for reuse in the glycolytic cycle to complete the process (known as fermentation, or anaerobic respiration). This is in contrast to "healthy" cells, which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria. Hence, and according to Warburg, cancer should be interpreted as a mitochondrial dysfunction.
"Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar." -- Dr. Otto H. Warburg in Lecture [10]
Warburg continued to develop the hypothesis experimentally, and held several prominent lectures outlining the theory and the data.[11]
The concept that cancer cells switch to fermentation in lieu of aerobic respiration has become widely accepted, even if it is not seen as the cause of cancer. Some suggest the Warburg phenomenon could be used to develop anticancer drugs.[12] Meanwhile, cancer cell glycolysis is the basis of positron emission tomography (18-FDG PET), a medical imaging technology that relies on this phenomenon.[12][13]
Russian guy walking his dog in the forest and suddenly the dog is scared and runs away into a direction... the guy fallows the dog and he catches on video something socking! A girl is floating above a woman! The guy is so scared he drops his phone! Then the lady takes his girl and runs away into the forest!
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